Investigating the replicability of the social and behavioural sciences

Authors and Affiliations

1. Center for Open Science, Washington, DC, USA

   Andrew H. Tyner, Mason Daley, Nicholas Fox, Noah A. Haber, Krystal M. Hahn, Brinna Mawhinney, Olivia Miske, Courtney K. Soderberg, Theresa Stankov, Brian A. Nosek & Timothy M. Errington

2. Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands

   Anna Lou Abatayo

3. SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA

   Samuel Field

4. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

   Melissa Kline Struhl & Hause Lin

5. University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

   Priya Silverstein

6. Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education, Gothenburg, Sweden

   Priya Silverstein & Elisabeth Julie Vargo

7. University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA

   Ahmed Abbasi & Nicholas Berente

8. The Dissertation Coach, Raleigh, NC, USA

   Christopher L. Aberson

9. Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

   Balazs Aczel, Miklos Bognar & Barnabas Szaszi

10. Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Matúš Adamkovič

11. University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

    Matúš Adamkovič

12. Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

    Matúš Adamkovič, Sven Hoeppner & Ivan Ropovik

13. Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Nihan Albayrak

14. London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK

    Nihan Albayrak & Daniel Jolles

15. University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

    Peter J. Allen & Marin Dujmović

16. Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT, USA

    Michael Andreychik

17. University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Eli Awtrey

18. Hendrix College, Conway, AR, USA

    Erick Axxe

19. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Flavio Azevedo, Alexandra L. J. Freeman & Alice C. E. Lawrence

20. Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

    Flavio Azevedo, Laura Boeschoten, An-Chiao Liu, Marco Ramljak, Lars Tummers, Marcel van Assen & Ruben van den Goorbergh

21. Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA

    Miles D. Bader, Tessa Charles, Joshua de Leeuw, Rachel P. Ostrowski & Margaret Ritzau

22. Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands

    Bence Bago, Marjan Bakker, Robbie C. M. van Aert, Bastian Jaeger, Maksim M. Sitnikov, Marcel van Assen & Niels van de Ven

23. Providence College, Providence, RI, USA

    James Bailey & Christopher Limnios

24. Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia

    Gabriel Banik & Pavol Kačmár

25. University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA

    George C. Banks, Janaki Gooty, Adoril Oshana & George Stock

26. Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Ernest Baskin

27. University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Anatolia Batruch & Nicolas Sommet

28. University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada

    Annika Beatteay, Sungmok Lee, Jordan MacDonald, Kathryn Nason, Michaela Ritchie, Jonathan Wilbiks & Yuzhi Yang

29. DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Sophie M. Behr & Cristóbal Moya

30. Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Sophie M. Behr

31. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Zachariah Berry

32. University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

    Jędrzej Białkowski, Tom Coupé, Jianhua Duan, Sanghyun Hong & W. Robert Reed

33. Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia

    Bojana Bodroža & Andjela Keljanovic

34. University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    Christian Bokhove

35. Ashland University, Ashland, OH, USA

    Diane Bonfiglio, Christopher R. Chartier, Savannah C. Lewis, Mitchell Metzger & Kathleen Schmidt

36. Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Robin Bouwman & Rolf A. Zwaan

37. University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Timothy F. Brady, Arathy Puthillam & Jamal R. Williams

38. Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

    Scott R. Braithwaite & Michael J. Larson

39. Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Gabriel Briceño Jiménez, Lyonel Laulié & Ignacio Pavez

40. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

    Cameron Brick, Susanne Täuber & Eric-Jan Wagenmakers

41. University of Inland Norway, Lillehammer, Norway

    Cameron Brick

42. University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA

    Traci Bricka & Amber N. Schroeder

43. WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Roman Briker

44. The Research and Evaluation Centre, Rockville, MD, USA

    Annette N. Brown

45. University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

    Gordon D. A. Brown, Elliot A. Ludvig, Lukasz Walasek & Finnian Wort

46. Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, USA

    Kathryn Caldwell & Leigh Ann Vaughn

47. The Analysis Factor, Ithaca, NY, USA

    Kathryn Caldwell

48. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden

    Sara Capitan & Tabaré Capitán

49. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Jesse Chandler

50. Kingston University, London, UK

    Rahul Chawdhary & Amélie Gourdon-Kanhukamwe

51. University of Massachusetts Boston, University Park, PA, USA

    Kent Jason Cheng

52. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

    William J. Chopik & Katelin E. Leahy

53. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA

    Bruce Clark, Braeden Hall & Kathleen Schmidt

54. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Victoria E. Colvin & Colin Tucker Smith

55. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA

    C. Cozette Comer, Jing Geng, Louis Hickman & Nathaniel D. Porter

56. Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy

    Giulio Costantini & Cristina Zogmaister

57. UCMeta, Christchurch, New Zealand

    Tom Coupé, Nicholas Gunby, W. Robert Reed & Diem Thi Hong Vo

58. University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Jamie Cummins, Radoslaw Panczak & Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck

59. Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland

    Aneta Czernatowicz-Kukuczka & Ewa Szumowska

60. University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

    David Dobolyi, Michelangelo Landgrave, Sebastian W. Schuetz & Jason Thatcher

61. University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA

    James N. Druckman

62. Stats NZ, Christchurch, New Zealand

    Jianhua Duan

63. Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability, Tallahassee, FL, USA

    Daniel J. Dunleavy

64. University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

    Patrick K. Durkee, Brendan A. Schuetze & Veronica X. Yan

65. California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA

    Patrick K. Durkee

66. University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    Cécile Emery, Miguel A. Fonseca & Kim Peters

67. University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

    Kevin M. Esterling & Nicholas Weller

68. University of Greenwich, London, UK

    Thomas R. Evans

69. Independent Researcher, Budapest, Hungary

    Anna Fedor

70. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain

    Belén Fernández-Castilla

71. University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

    Nathan Fiala, Hansika Kapoor, Samjhana Koirala, Florian Neubauer & Victor Volkman

72. RWI – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research, Leibniz, Germany

    Nathan Fiala & Florian Neubauer

73. West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA

    James G. Field

74. Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA

    Nathan Fong

75. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Jeremy Freese

76. University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Sandra J. Geiger

77. University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA

    Laura M. Getz

78. Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands

    Linda Marjoleine Geven & Leticia Micheli

79. London School of Economics, London, UK

    Ilka Helene Gleibs

80. Independent Researcher, Quezon City, Philippines

    Donna Pamella Gonzales, Melba Verra Tutor & Karolina Urbanska

81. King’s College London, London, UK

    Amélie Gourdon-Kanhukamwe

82. Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences, Bremen, Germany

    Cristina Greculescu

83. Constructor University, Bremen, Germany

    Cristina Greculescu & Ulrich Kühnen

84. University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

    Siobhán M. Griffin, Cillian McHugh & Ellie Shackleton

85. University of York, York, UK

    Lusine Grigoryan & Marie Isabelle Weißflog

86. Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany

    Lusine Grigoryan, Jule Oettinghaus, Vladimir Ponizovskiy, Justine Saal & Marie Isabelle Weißflog

87. Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany

    Martina Grunow

88. Contact Energy, Wellington, New Zealand

    Nicholas Gunby

89. University of Essex, Colchester, UK

    Paul H. P. Hanel, Daniel Jolles, Marie Juanchich & Miroslav Sirota

90. University of Bath, Bath, UK

    Paul H. P. Hanel

91. University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA

    Erin E. Hannon, Nathan C. Higgins, Jared Leslie, Ambar G. Monjaras, Mary Sanchez & Joel S. Snyder

92. McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    Sam Harper & Arijit Nandi

93. University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany

    Marco Jürgen Held & Astrid Schütz

94. University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

    Nathan C. Higgins

95. University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Svenja Hippel

96. Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany

    Sven Hoeppner

97. Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

    Thomas J. Hostler

98. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Michael Inzlicht

99. Rotman School of Management, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Michael Inzlicht

100. SWPS University, Warsaw, Poland

     Kamil Izydorczak

101. University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany

     Kristin Jankowsky

102. Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany

     Johannes Jarke-Neuert

103. Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

     Johannes Jarke-Neuert

104. University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA

     Matthew Jensen

105. University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

     Biljana Jokić, Danka Purić, Iris Žeželj & Zorana Zupan

106. Metropolitan University, Belgrade, Serbia

     Biljana Jokić

107. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

     Phillip Jolly

108. Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA

     Angela M. Jones & Sean Patrick Roche

109. Monk Prayogshala, Mumbai, India

     Hansika Kapoor, Arathy Puthillam & Anirudh Tagat

110. Faculty of Philosophy, University of Pristina-Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia

     Andjela Keljanovic

111. Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland

     Marta Kołczyńska

112. 2nd Psychiatric Clinic, Atticon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece

     Dimitra Kouroupaki & Domna Tsaklakidou

113. University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

     Michelangelo Landgrave

114. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

     Joel M. Le Forestier

115. University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA

     Savannah C. Lewis

116. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

     Hause Lin & Landon Schnabel

117. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

     John Wills Lloyd, Barbara A. Spellman, Ryan Wright & Brian A. Nosek

118. Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland

     Dermot Lynott

119. Hubbard Decision Research, Glen Ellyn, IL, USA

     Peter Mallik

120. Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, USA

     Daniel J. Mallinson

121. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

     Daniele Marinazzo

122. UniDistance Suisse, Brig, Switzerland

     Corinna S. Martarelli

123. Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA

     Joshua Matacotta

124. Integrated Behavioral Health Research Institute, Pomona, CA, USA

     Joshua Matacotta

125. Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA

     Andrew McBride

126. Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

     Gail McMillan & Marina Milyavskaya

127. Central Bank of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

     Esteban Méndez

128. University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

     Michalis P. Michaelides

129. Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany

     Johannes Michalak, Thomas Ostermann & Jan Philipp Röer

130. Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

     Leticia Micheli

131. Willamette University, Salem, OR, USA

     Jeremy K. Miller

132. Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

     Daniel C. Molden & Richard M. Shafranek

133. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

     David Moreau

134. Univeristy of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA

     Audrey Morrow, Jason Samaha, Soorya Sankaran & Elise Turkovich

135. Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany

     Cristóbal Moya

136. Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

     Liad Mudrik

137. University of Groningen, Groninge, Netherlands

     Laetitia B. Mulder

138. University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

     Katie A. Munt

139. UiS Business School, Stavanger, Norway

     Carolin Nast

140. Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

     Gideon Nave

141. University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

     Heinrich H. Nax

142. ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

     Heinrich H. Nax

143. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

     Phuong Linh L. Nguyen & Moin Syed

144. Central European University, Vienna, Austria

     Austin Lee Nichols

145. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

     Gustav Nilsonne & Tina Sundelin

146. Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

     Gustav Nilsonne & Tina Sundelin

147. Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA

     Ernest O’Boyle

148. Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA

     Jeewon Oh

149. Policy Innovation Center, Abuja, Nigeria

     Abiola Oyebanjo

150. Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

     Jamie Patrianakos

151. Business School, Universidad de San Andrés, Victoria, Argentina

     Ignacio Pavez

152. University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany

     Yuri G. Pavlov

153. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK

     Sofia Persson

154. University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy

     Marco Perugini

155. Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg, Denmark

     Constant Pieters

156. Durham University, Durham, UK

     Vladimir Ponizovskiy

157. Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA

     Jason M. Prenoveau

158. Union College, Schenectady, NY, USA

     Mariah F. Purol

159. DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA

     Kimberly A. Quinn

160. Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden

     Romina Rodela

161. Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

     Ivan Ropovik

162. University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia

     Ivan Ropovik

163. Verasight, Livingston, NJ, USA

     Jacob Rothschild

164. University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

     Hani Safadi

165. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

     David Santos

166. Bentley University, Waltham, MA, USA

     Amanda C. Sargent

167. Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany

     Marian Sauter

168. University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

     Brendan A. Schuetze

169. Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany

     Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck

170. Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA

     Eric L. Sevigny

171. Ariel University, Ariel, Israel

     Samuel Shaki

172. Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA

     Shishir Shakya

173. Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

     Matthew Ryan Sisco

174. University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA

     L. Robert Slevc & Ewa Szumowska

175. Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, USA

     Laura Smalarz

176. Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey

     Fatih Sonmez

177. Aston University, Birmingham, UK

     Natalia Stanulewicz-Buckley

178. Keele University, Keele, UK

     Chris N. H. Street

179. Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway

     Eirik Strømland

180. Psychological Science Accelerator, Ashland, OH, USA

     Anna Szabelska

181. Corvinus Institute for Advanced Studies (CIAS), Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary

     Barnabas Szaszi

182. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

     Louis Tay

183. University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA

     Stuti Thapa

184. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

     Jason Thatcher

185. Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands

     Anna Elisabeth van ’t Veer

186. University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

     Simine Vazire

187. Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands

     Jentien M. Vermeulen

188. RMIT University Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

     Diem Thi Hong Vo

189. Center for Criminological Research Saxony (ZKFS), Chemnitz, Germany

     Deliah Wagner

190. University of Jena, Jena, Germany

     Deliah Wagner

191. Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany

     Frank Walter

192. Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK

     Lara Warmelink

193. Hubei University, Wuhan, China

     Liuqing Wei

194. Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA

     Aaron L. Wichman

195. Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK

     Kelly Wolfe

196. Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

     Jesper N. Wulff

197. Zhongnan University of Economics & Law, Wuhan, China

     Xindong Xue

198. University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA

     Sangsuk Yoon

199. Queens College, CUNY, New York, NY, USA

     Yinxian Zhang

200. University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

     Ignazio Ziano

Contributions

A.H.T., S.F., M.K.S., F.A., W.J.C., N. Fiala, N. Fox, A.L.J.F., K.E.L., S.L., F.N., R.R., J. Samaha, S. Sankaran, A.N.S., D.T., D.W., B.A.N. and T.M.E. conceptualized the study. A.H.T., N.A.H. and J. MacDonald curated the data. A.H.T., N.A.H., M.K.S., C.L.A., M.A., N.A., P.J.A., M. Andreychik, E. Axxe, F.A., B. Bago, J. Bailey, M. Bakker, G.C.B., E.B., A. Batruch, A. Beatteay, Z.B., M. Bognar, C. Bokhove, R. Bouwman, T.F.B., G.B.J., T.B., R. Briker, G.D.A.B., R.C.M.v.A., K.C., T. Capitán, J. Chandler, T. Charles, C.R.C., K.J.C., W.J.C., V.E.C., G.C., T. Coupé, J. Cummins, A.C.-K., J.d.L., D.D., J.N.D., J.D., M. Dujmović, P.K.D., C.E., T.R.E., A.F., B.F.-C., N. Fiala, J.G.F., L.M.G., I.H.G., J. Gooty, S.M.G., N.G., B.H., P.H.P.H., E.E.H., S. Harper, M.J.H., N.C.H., S. Hippel, S. Hoeppner, S. Hong, T.J.H., B. Jaeger, K.J., J.J.-N., A.M.J., M. Juanchich, P.K., H.K., S.K., M.K., D.K., M.L., L.L., A.C.E.L., J.M.L.F., K.E.L., J.L., S.C.L., C.L., A.-C.L., J. MacDonald, P.M., D.J.M., A. McBride, C. McHugh, G. McMillan, E.M., M.P.M., L. Micheli, M. Milyavskaya, D.C.M., A.G.M., A. Morrow, C. Moya, L.B.M., K.A.M., A.N., H.H.N., F.N., P.L.L.N., J.Oh, A. Oshana, A. Oyebanjo, R. Panczak, J.P., Y.G.P., S.P., M.P., K.P., C.P., V.P., N.D.P., D.P., M.F.P., A.P., M. Ramljak, W.R.R., S.P.R., J.P.R., I.R., J. Rothschild, J. Samaha, S. Sankaran, D.S., A.C.S., K.S., A.N.S., B.A. Schuetze, M.S.-M., E.L.S., S. Shaki, S. Shakya, M. Sirota, M.R.S., M.M.S., L.R.S., L. Smalarz, J.S.S., N.S., F.S., C.N.H.S., M. Syed, A. Szabelska, E. Szumowska, A.T., S. Täuber, L. Tay, S. Thapa, L. Tummers, E.T., M.v.A., N.v.d.V., E.J.V., L.A.V., D.T.H.V., V.V., D.W., L. Walasek, N.W., A.L.W., J.W., J.R.W., K.W., R.W., J.N.W., V.X.Y., S.Y., I. Žeželj and Y.Z. conducted formal analysis. A. Abbasi, F.A., G.B.J., D.D., A.L.J.F., J. Gooty, J.P.R., J. Samaha, A.C.S., A.N.S., B.A.N. and T.M.E. acquired funding. A.H.T., A.L.A., M. Daley, S.F., N. Fox, K.M.H., M.K.S., B.M., O.M., C.K.S., A.A., B.A., M.A., N.A., P.J.A., M. Andreychik, E. Axxe, F.A., M.D.B., B. Bago, J. Bailey, G.B., G.C.B., E.B., A. Batruch, A. Beatteay, S.M.B., N.B., Z.B., J.B., B. Bodroža, M. Bognar, C. Bokhove, D.B., R. Bouwman, T.F.B., S.R.B., G.B.J., T.B., R. Briker, G.D.A.B., K.C., S.C., T. Capitán, J. Chandler, T. Charles, C.R.C., K.J.C., W.J.C., V.E.C., C.C.C., G.C., T. Coupé, J. Cummins, A.C.-K., J.d.L., D.D., J.N.D., J.D., M. Dujmović, C.E., T.R.E., N. Fiala, J.G.F., N. Fong, M.A.F., A.L.J.F., J.F., J. Geng, L.M.G., I.H.G., D.P.G., J. Gooty, C.G., S.M.G., L.G., M.G., B.H., P.H.P.H., E.E.H., S. Harper, M.J.H., L.H., N.C.H., S. Hippel, S. Hoeppner, S. Hong, T.J.H., B. Jaeger, K.J., J.J.-N., M. Jensen, B. Jokić, D.J., A.M.J., M. Juanchich, A. Keljanovic, S.K., M.K., U.K., M.L., M.J.L., L.L., A.C.E.L., J.M.L.F., K.E.L., S.L., J.L., S.C.L., C.L., H.L., A.-C.L., E.A.L., J. MacDonald, P.M., D.J.M., A. McBride, C. McHugh, G. McMillan, M. Metzger, M.P.M., J. Michalak, L. Micheli, M. Milyavskaya, D.C.M., A.G.M., D. Moreau, A. Morrow, L.B.M., K.A.M., K.N., C.N., G. Nave, H.H.N., F.N., G. Nilsonne, E.O., J. Oettinghaus, J. Oh, A. Oshana, T.O., R.P.O., J.P., I.P., Y.G.P., S.P., M.P., K.P., V.P., N.D.P., D.P., M.F.P., A.P., M. Ramljak, W.R.R., M. Ritchie, S.P.R., J.P.R., I.R., J. Rothschild, J. Saal, H.S., J. Samaha, M. Sanchez, S. Sankaran, A.C.S., K.S., L. Schnabel, A.N.S., S.W.S., B.A. Schuetze, A. Schütz, E.L.S., E. Shackleton, R.M.S., S. Shaki, S. Shakya, M. Sirota, L.R.S., L. Smalarz, C.T.S., J.S.S., N.S., F.S., G.S., M. Syed, A. Szabelska, B.S., E. Szumowska, A.T., S. Täuber, L. Tay, J.T., L. Tummers, E.T., M.V.T., K.U., N.v.d.V., R.v.d.G., E.J.V., L.A.V., J.M.V., D.T.H.V., V.V., D.W., L. Walasek, F. Walter, L. Warmelink, L. Wei, M.I.W., N.W., A.L.W., J.W., J.R.W., K.W., V.X.Y., Y.Y., S.Y., I. Žeželj, Y.Z. and T.M.E. performed the investigation. A.H.T., A.L.A., S.F., N. Fox, N.A.H., M.K.S., B.M., O.M., P.S., C.K.S., M.A., N.A., P.J.A., M. Andreychik, E. Axxe, F.A., M.D.B., B. Bago, J. Bailey, G.C.B., E.B., A. Batruch, A. Beatteay, S.M.B., Z.B., B. Bodroža, M. Bognar, C. Bokhove, R. Bouwman, T.F.B., G.B.J., T.B., R. Briker, G.D.A.B., K.C., S.C., T. Capitán, J. Chandler, T. Charles, C.R.C., W.J.C., G.C., T. Coupé, J. Cummins, A.C.-K., J.d.L., P.K.D., C.E., T.R.E., J.G.F., J. Geng, L.M.G., I.H.G., J. Gooty, C.G., S.M.G., L.G., B.H., P.H.P.H., S. Harper, M.J.H., L.H., N.C.H., T.J.H. K.J., J.J.-N., B. Jokić, D.J., P.J., A.M.J., M. Juanchich, S.K., L.L., J.M.L.F., K.E.L., S.C.L., C.L., H.L., A.-C.L., E.A.L., J. MacDonald, D.J.M., C. McHugh, G. McMillan, M.P.M., L. Micheli, M. Milyavskaya, D.C.M., C. Moya, L.B.M., A.N., A.L.N., J.Oh, R.P.O., J.P., I.P., Y.G.P., S.P., M.P., K.P., V.P., N.D.P., D.P., M. Ramljak, M. Ritzau, S.P.R., R.R., J.P.R., I.R., J. Saal, J. Samaha, M. Sanchez, S. Sankaran, K.S., L. Schnabel, A.N.S., B.A. Schuetze, M.S.-M., E.L.S., R.M.S., S. Shaki, S. Shakya, M. Sirota, L.R.S., L. Smalarz, J.S.S., N.S., F.S., M. Syed, A. Szabelska, E. Szumowska, A.T., S. Täuber, L. Tay, D.T., K.U., M.v.A., N.v.d.V., E.J.V., L.A.V., S.V., D.T.H.V., D.W., L. Walasek, A.L.W., J.W., J.R.W., K.W., F. Wort, V.X.Y., S.Y., I. Žeželj, I. Ziano, B.A.N. and T.M.E. formulated the methodology. A.H.T., O.M., A.C.E.L., B.A.N. and T.M.E. provided project admin. A.H.T., N.A.H., A.L.A., M.K.S., T. Stankov, N.A., M. Andreychik, E. Axxe, F.A., M.D.B., B. Bago, J. Bailey, E.B., A. Batruch, A. Beatteay, S.M.B., Z.B., M. Bognar, C. Bokhove, R. Bouwman, T.F.B., R. Briker, R.C.M.v.A., K.C., T. Capitán, J. Chandler, T. Charles, C.R.C., K.J.C., V.E.C., G.C., T. Coupé, J. Cummins, J.d.L., P.K.D., T.R.E., B.F.-C., J.G.F., J.Geng, I.H.G., S.M.G., P.H.P.H., S. Harper, M.J.H., N.C.H., S. Hippel, S. Hoeppner, T.J.H., K.J., J.J.-N., D.J., A.M.J., M. Juanchich, P.K., S.K., L.L., S.C.L., C.L., H.L., A.-C.L., J. MacDonald, D.J.M., A. McBride, C. McHugh, L. Micheli, D.C.M., A. Morrow, C. Moya, A. Oshana, R.P.O., J.P., Y.G.P., K.P., C.P., V.P., N.D.P., M.F.P., A.P., M. Ramljak, S.P.R., J.P.R., I.R., J. Samaha, M. Sanchez, S. Sankaran, D.S., K.S., L. Schnabel, B.A. Schuetze, E.L.S., S. Shaki, S. Shakya, M. Sirota, M.R.S., L.R.S., J.S.S., N.S., F.S., C.N.H.S., M. Syed, A. Szabelska, E. Szumowska, A.T., L.Tay, E.J.V., L.A.V., D.T.H.V., V.V., D.W., L. Walasek, M.I.W., A.L.W., J.W., J.N.W., V.X.Y., S.Y. and Y.Z. provided software. A.H.T., K.M.H., M.K.S., O.M., C.K.S., F.A., G.C.B., E.B., A.N.B., R.C.M.v.A., T. Capitán, C.R.C., W.J.C., K.M.E., J. Gooty, A.G.-K., L.G., E.E.H., M.I., K.E.L., J.W.L., M. Milyavskaya, A. Morrow, G. Nilsonne, V.P., N.D.P., K.A.Q., W.R.R., R.R., J.P.R., J. Samaha, A.N.S., A. Schütz, E.L.S., S. Shaki, C.T.S., J.S.S., B.A. Spellman, D.T., E.-J.W., A.L.W., C.Z., B.A.N. and T.M.E. provided supervision. A.H.T., A.L.A., N.A.H., O.M., P.S., N.A., E. Awtrey, F.A., J. Bailey, G.C.B., E.B., J.B., L.B., S.R.B., G.B.J., C. Brick, A.N.B., T. Capitán, R.C., W.J.C., J. Cummins, M. Dujmović, D.J.D., K.M.E., B.F.-C., N. Fiala, S.J.G., L.M. Geven, I.H.G., A.G.-K., K.I., B. Jokić, P.J., H.K., K.E.L., C.L., J.W.L., J. MacDonald, D.J.M., D. Marinazzo, C.S.M., J. Matacotta, J.K.M., D. Moreau, A. Morrow, L. Mudrik, H.H.N., A.L.N., G. Nilsonne, J.Oh, A. Oshana, N.D.P., J.M.P., M.F.P., K.A.Q., J.P.R., H.S., S. Sankaran, D.S., M. Sauter, K.S., L. Schnabel, A.N.S., E.L.S., R.M.S., S. Shaki, S. Shakya, L. Smalarz, B.A. Spellman, N.S.-B., E. Strømland, T. Sundelin, A. Szabelska, L. Tummers, K.U., A.E.v.‘t.V., N.v.d.V., E.J.V., V.V., E.-J.W., D.W., A.L.W., J.W., X.X., I. Ziano, C.Z., Z.Z., R.A.Z. and T.M.E. performed validation. A.H.T., N.A.H., B.M., F.A., G.B.J., M.Dujmović, N.C.H., J.MacDonald, J. Matacotta, A. Morrow, A. Oshana, M. Ramljak, J. Samaha, S. Sankaran, S. Shaki, D.W., A.L.W. and B.A.N. conducted visualization. A.H.T., B.M., O.M., F.A., G.B.J., W.J.C., B.C., C.C.C., A.F., B.F.-C., N. Fiala, S.K., K.E.L., S.L., J. MacDonald, J. Matacotta, A. Morrow, C. Moya, H.H.N., F.N., J. Oh, A. Oshana, M.F.P., M. Ritchie, R.R., D.S., A.C.S., A.N.S., S. Shaki, S. Shakya, N.S., S. Täuber, E.J.V., V.V., D.W., N.W., B.A.N. and T.M.E. wrote the original draft of the manuscript. A.H.T, M. Daley, N.A.H., B.M., O.M., P.S., M.A., N.A., F.A., M. Bakker, G.B., G.C.B., B. Bodroža, G.B.J., C. Brick, R. Briker, R.C.M.v.A., J. Chandler, C.R.C., W.J.C., B.C., C.C.C., A.C.-K., M. Dujmović, B.F.-C., N. Fiala, J.G.F., M.A.F., S.J.G., D.P.G., J. Gooty, A.G.-K., C.G., L.G., P.H.P.H., N.C.H., K.J., J.J.-N., B. Jokić, P.K., J.M.L.F., K.E.L., S.L., S.C.L., D.L., J. MacDonald, J. Matacotta, J.K.M., M. Milyavskaya, D.C.M., A. Morrow, C. Moya, H.H.N., F.N., J.Oh, T.O., R. Panczak, Y.G.P., M.F.P., K.A.Q., M. Ritchie, R.R., J.P.R., I.R., J. Samaha, S. Sankaran, D.S., L. Schnabel, A.N.S., B.A. Schuetze, A. Schütz, E.L.S., S. Shakya, M. Sirota, M.M.S., C.T.S., J.S.S., N.S., N.S.-B., C.N.H.S., E. Strømland, T. Sundelin, B.S., S. Täuber, D.T., N.v.d.V., E.J.V., J.M.V., V.V., D.W., N.W., A.L.W., B.A.N. and T.M.E. reviewed and edited the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to
Brian A. Nosek.